Annotated Bibliography of Articles about Nursing - 887 Words

Author. (2012, July). Nursing Workforce: Background Brief. KaiserEDU.org The strength of this study stems from it reliance on reports from foundations and government agencies with verifiable data. Nursing shortage data in this study puts the 2000 figure at 110,000 open registered nursing positions, which is a 6 percent shortage of supply. By 2008, this report indicted that hospital and long-term facilities were reporting a shortage of 8.1 percent. Estimates put the shortage of registered nurses at 260,000 full-time equivalents (FTEs), a figure that is double any nursing shortages since the 1960s. Solutions to nursing shortages that have emphasized increases in compensation or international recruitment are not expected to increase the supply of nurses over the long-term. This report addresses the inadequacies of institutions of higher education, noting that 75,587 qualified applicants were turned away from both undergraduate and graduate nursing programs in 2011 alone. Retention strategies are also addressed in this report, notably, the Nurse Reinvestment Act of 2002 and the Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, but this legislation and investments by the States have had limited success. The report from the 2010 IOM/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, The Future of Nursing, emphasizes professionalization and advanced practice strategies to promote interest and status for practicing nurses. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) may bring about sea changes thatShow MoreRelatedA Annotated Bibliography On The Field Of Nursing1600 Words   |  7 PagesAn annotated bibliography is used to assess other written works of information related to the topic you are discussing. This assignment is to help students learn how to deal with one of the many communication concerns they may come across in the field of nursing. They will achieve this by researching and assessing other sources as well as evidently and logically writing about their findings. The topic of this annotated bibliography is communicating with people who have Aphasia. Aphasia is neurologicalRead MoreA Discussion On Sexuality And Sexually Transmitted Infections / Diseases And Sexual Development Throughout Life955 Words   |  4 Pageswas only one this week, a discussion on sexuality in later life, the quiz and this wonderful three page reflection paper. Additionally our annotated bibliography was due this week. As usual, I will start with this week’s reading from the Taking Sides text. This week was slightly different in that we were given only one topic to read and discuss. The article discussed opposing views on whether or not sexting was considered safe sex. For my initial opinion on the topic, it seemed obvious to meRead MoreAlcohol Annotated Bibliography2329 Words   |  10 PagesAlcohol Annotated Bibliography. Introduction. This Annotated Bibliography has been developed in co-ordination with an Alcohol Poster presentation, with the aim of elucidating the dangers alcohol has on a person’s health and wellbeing. The author chose alcohol as a topic, as it is well-known to be dangerous but in contrast it is readily available for people to purchase. Alcohol dependency has serious detrimental effects on people’s health and social lives. The World Health Organisation (WHO, 2008)Read MoreAnnotated Bibliography1329 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Annotated Bibliography Galen College of Nursing Annotated Bibliography Mayo Clinic (2011). Personal health record: A tool for managing your health. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/personal-health-record/MY00665 This source talks about how electronic health records makes it easy to gather and manage medical information in a secure location (Mayo Clinic, 2001, pg. 1). They explain what a health record is and what goes into it. The advantages and disadvantages toRead MoreSummary and Critique of The Timelessness of Nursing Theory1302 Words   |  5 PagesAnnotated Bibliography of Two Nursing Articles Summary and critique of The timelessness of nursing theory by Sandra Schmidt Bunkers. This article by Bunkers examines the ways in which nursing theory as articulated by Florence Nightingale and supported by Rosemarie Parses theoretical modeling can be understood as being timeless and to what extent it should be considered as rooted in a particular historical moment and cultural context. Bunkers draws on both her academic and professional expertiseRead MoreTherapeutic And Non Therapeutic Communication1108 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper is the result of the review of five different articles that supports the PICOT statement which was about effects of therapeutic and non-therapeutic communications, in nurse-patient relationship, on patient’s conditions in hospital. The paper contains of explanation of each article followed by the relation to the PICOT statement. This paper will discuss the importance of therapeutic techniques, in contrast of non-therapeutic techniques, in health care setting by providing different resourcesRead MoreNurses Are Causing Multiple M edication Errors in a Clinical and Practice Setting1030 Words   |  5 Pagesprofessional, patient, or consumer. It is very important for experienced nurses and nursing professors to identify medication errors to prevent them from harming the patient. Some of the errors that were identified were not reported because registered nurses didn’t want their peers to think they were irresponsible (Unver, Tastan, Akbayrak, 2012). Nurse shaming did not help increase positive outcomes of reporting errors among nursing students and registered nurses (Harding Petrick, 2008). When medicationRead MoreI Am A Great Clinical Day1088 Words   |  5 PagesToday was a great clinical day, where Jessica and I got to teach three foster teens about nutrition labels, unit prices, making grocery lists, coupons, and took a tour of a grocery store. The students applied what they learned in class by comparing items using unit prices, and looking at deals. As well as, compared nutrition labels of diff erent brands, of the same items. It was very interesting, to see the comparison. At the end of the class, we gave the students coupons and a booklet of couponsRead MoreRole Stereotyping, Misconceptions About Nursing Career1486 Words   |  6 PagesAssociation of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) in (2011) reveals that only 6% of registered nurses in the US are AA. Loftin et al. (2012) listed inadequate monetary funding, insufficient moral and emotional support, lack of academic and nursing program advising as well as scant technical support and professional socialization as some of the reasons that explain why few AA fails to pursue nursing or complete the nursing program. Role stereotyping, misconceptions about nursing career are also noted reasonsRead MoreNursing Shortage Effects On Quality Patient Care1346 Words   |  6 PagesAnnotated Bibliography: The Nursing Shortage Effects on Quality Patient Care Prior to starting nursing school, I worked as a patient care technician at a hospital in my hometown. Many times, there were not enough nurses to efficiently take on the amount of patients on our medical surgical floor. Therefore, the nurse to patient ratio was exceeded on many of the shifts. While working as a technician, I never fully understood the daily struggles of the nurses when having the responsibility of seven

Prostitution Between Canada And Canada - 1712 Words

Prostitution in Canada: Changes in Legislation Due to the fairly recent changes regarding the legality of prostitution in Canada, individuals who use and provide these services have been cautious (Warnica, 2015). Unfortunately, new laws may create more problems than benefits, such as, financial problems due to fewer people buying sex because it is illegal to do so. In this paper, I will explicate and assess the new changes to the law regarding prostitution in Canada, arguing that prostitution should be legal in Canada. Prostitution laws vary all over the world. Some jurisdictions are similar to Canada whilst others are extremely different. The United Kingdom is similar to Canada, as acts related to prostitution are illegal but prostitution itself is not. In Germany, Netherlands, and New Zealand prostitution is legal and so are brothels. However, in Argentina, France, Singapore and Greece brothels are illegal put prostitution is. There is no universal agreement on how governments shou ld legislate or regulate prostitution. First, I will discuss what aspects of the law have been changed in Canada and what this means for prostitutes and their clients. I will then further discuss the points that adults can consent to sex and that the government has no right to completely ban consensual sex involving financial transactions between adults. In addition, individuals should be free to do what they want in regard to their own bodies and should be able to decide with whom they want toShow MoreRelatedProstitution Article On Prostitution Laws1640 Words   |  7 Pages Prostitution Laws in Canada Karlene Wright November 19, 2014 Prostitution Laws in Canada Introduction Prostitution is considered by many to be the oldest profession. Throughout civilization many society have had to address the issue of prostitution. Canada is a nation renown for promoting the advancement of women in all parts of the world. However, it is a nation guilty of punishing women for the circumstances in which they find themselves. The prostitution laws in Canada showsRead MoreAdvantages of Legalizing Prostitution1749 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution is known as the oldest profession and has been around for millenniums, dating back to Roman, Byzantine, Greek and Egyptian empires (Baldwin, 2004). The ancient cultures of those empires dealt with the needs of the group and consequently developed protocols for dealing with sexual relations that have propagated throughout time to the modern era. As a result, prostitution is prominent in society today. When analyzing the sex trade, the factors of cultural precedence, philosophy, religionRead MoreThe Criminal Code And Prostituti on1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe Criminal Code and Prostitution in Canada: A Historical Overview Prostitution has always been a topic of contention and controversy in Canada and other counties. Due to various perspectives on how prostitution should be addressed through law, the legal status of prostitution varies from country to country. Prostitution itself has always been legal in Canada, however many activities tied to it have been strategically criminalized by prostitution laws. Canadian prostitution laws have evolved fromRead MoreThe Protection Of Civil Rights1589 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Canada is known to be one of the leading countries in the world devoted to the protection of civil rights. In the legal context, this feat was achieved through the drafting and the creation of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982. The charter was establish to enforce the rule of law and to serve as a mechanism which limits the overarching authority of the states. While the general public enjoys the benefits of numerous rights available to them through the charter, it is the mostRead MoreProstitution in Canada Essay946 Words   |  4 Pages Canada is a nation renown as a liberal-leaning, forward nation; promoting the advancement of women in all parts of the world. However, it is a nation guilty of punishing women for the circumstances in which they find themselves with laws showing an antiquated view on the issue of prostitution—one that prosecutes sex workers instead of those who take advantage of women’s situations and buy sexual services. BY examining the origins of current-day laws concerning prostitution in Canada and lookingRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of The Legalization Of Prostitution993 Words   |  4 PagesShea Pedro May 9, 2016 ENG2D1-06 Mrs. Galati The Negative Effects of the Legalization of Prostitution in Canada Prostitution is an excuse for someone to degrade someone else s body and exploit them. In the alleged business of prostitution, a man usually pays a women in exchange for sex. By legalizing prostitution and taking away the legal barriers, the morals and principles of people are challenged. Therefore many people may believe it is acceptable to take advantage of vulnerable women in exchangeRead MoreProstitution Should Be Illegal in Canada Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pages In Canadian law, buying or selling sexual services within Canada is considered legal. However, this controversial topic has raised discussions between people because of the possibilities of illegal activities inside the world of prostitution. From reading the newspapers to hearing it on the television, we know nothing good ever comes out of prostitution because of the exposure to the risky businesses and dangerous people. Prostitutes engages in a number of dangerous harmful activities suchRead MoreShould Prostit ution Laws Be Legal?1304 Words   |  6 PagesMost people morally oppose the profession of prostitution because they consider it to be a taboo. While others believe that it is their right and personal freedom to choose what to do with their life and body. Recently, the debate about how laws should address prostitution legally has become a subject of legislative action. Prostitution itself is not a criminal offence under the Constitution, but there are certain laws under the Criminal Code that discourage it and makes it unlawful. For exampleRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legalized? Canada?1379 Words   |  6 Pagessexual intercourse. Over time, the subject of prostitution has surfaced in spiritual and social discussion, and more recently into legal and moral discourses with an emphasis on the rights of sex workers. Since the recent phenomenon of advanced women’s rights through rigorous activist groups in the late nineteenth to early twentieth century, propelling the advance ment of women’s rights movements began to immerge in the first world. At its core, prostitution is not an individual issue, but rather, a societalRead MoreProstitution, Prostitution And The Commercialization Of Sexual Services1467 Words   |  6 PagesPrior to the decision in Canada (Attorney General) v. Bedford, prostitution and the commercialization of sexual services was not illegal; however there were three legislative barriers surrounding prostitution-related acts that implicated sex workers of criminal offences, thus the decision to work safe or risk arrest made their line of work difficult (Durisin, Love , van der Meulen, 2013). Due to public demand and the need to clean street prostitutes, the criminalization of prostitute related activities

Accounting for Managers Business Cost Accounting

Question: Describe about the Accounting for Managers for Business Cost Accounting. Answer: 1. Calculation of ratios for 2007 Current ratio Current asset 180742 Current liabilities 105064 Current ratio = current assets/current liabilities 1.72 Quick ratio Current assets 180742 Inventory 159880 Prepaid expenses 0 Current liabilities 105064 Quick ratio 0.20 Current ratio can be also be defined as the period in which the current asset and liabilities can liquidate. The current ratio is a ratio of current assets to current liabilities. The way by which quick ratio is calculated is by deducting inventories and prepaid expenses from current asset and dividing it by current liabilities. The optimum level of current ratio that a company should maintain is 2:1 whereas the optimum quick ratio is 1:1. The current ratio is 1.72 for super cheap auto limited whereas the average current ratio of the other firms is 1.76 in the same industry. Therefore, we can say that the current ratio is less when compared to the optimum current ratio as well as the average current ratio of the other firms (Needles Powers, 2013). However, this current ratio can be enhanced and the ideal current ratio can be achieved. The quick ratio is calculated as 0.20 whereas the average quick ratio of the other firms is 0.78 in the same industry. Therefore, the quick ratio is very less when compared to the optimum ratio and the average quick ratio of the firms of the industry. The company used to pay dividend 8 cents per share in 2006 but in 2007 the company decided to pay a dividend of 10.5 cents per share. The company has taken this step because it has experienced growth and wants to satisfy the shareholders. The earning per share has also increased from 2006 to 2007. We can draw this conclusion from the income statement that the company has a positive progress. It is a good indication regarding the movement of the company and is sure to provide a good response (Larry Christopher, 2012). Calculation of inventory turnover. Inventory turnover ratio Cost of goods sold 376733 Average inventory 147450 Inventory turnover ratio 2.55 Inventory turnover ratio is calculated to depict the efficiency of the firm and its management of inventories that it holds because of which this has been also given a name of efficiency ratio. This ratio is very important as it reflects the performance of the company (Needles, 2011). The two components of performance that affect this ratio is stock purchasing and sales. The more number of times the inventory is turned over the better is the performance of the company. So it is always advised to keep the inventory turnover ratio high. The company has shown increasing profits over the years which means that the company has the scope of expanding its business. The company can raise funds through equity or by taking loans (Needles, 2011). The company should raise its finance in such a way that the cost of capital does not increase. The company should analyse all the options available and choose the best one. Calculation of PE and Dividend yield ratio for 2007. PE Ratio Price per share 4.5 Earning per share 21 PE Ratio 21% The PE ratio is 21 for Supercheap auto limited whereas 16.7 is the average PE ratio of the other firms of the same industry. Therefore, we can say that the PE ratio is high when compared to the average PE ratio of the other firms. High PE ratio is a good indicator as it boasts regarding the strength of the company. Therefore, high PE ratio can be a good buy if the fundamentals are strong. Dividend yield ratio ? Cash dividend per share Current market price 4.5 Dividend yield ratio The average dividend yield of the other firms in the industry is 3.7%. 2. The different types of companies use different kinds of budget. It may be a flexible budget or a fixed budget. A company decides its budget according to the volume of operations then such company is said to make a flexible budget (Shim Siegel, 2009). For example, a manufacturer of a factory estimates that its cost of electricity and supplies is $10 per machine hour. He also estimates that the factory supervision, depreciation and other fixed cost is $60000 per month. The production equipment operates 5000 and 8000 hours per month. Then the flexible budget will be $60000+$10 per month. The main objective of performance valuation is to provide a fair and justifiable measurement of an employees contribution to the workforce, which help them to produce accurate appraisal document and provide protection to both the employer and the employee. A company has to prepare many other typed of budgets apart from the cash budget. The following are prepared prior to the preparation of cash budget- Sales budget- a number of sales will be recorded in the cash budget when the amount is received either from the customers or from the debtors. Capital expenditure budget- This expense will only be recorded in the period in which it has occurred. If a capital asset is bought then it will be shown on the payment side whereas if an asset is sold then the amount received will be recorded on the receipts side (Lanen et. al, 2008). Expenses budget- The expenses are recorded in the period in which it is actually paid. Outstanding expenses are not recorded in the cash budget. The operating cycle is the time period required to convert cash invested in raw material again into cash after passing through various stages of production (work in progress), finished goods and debtors. This operating cycle can also be referred as cash cycle. Lower the operating cycle lesser is the amount required as working capital in the firm. A manufacturing concern requires a higher working capital than a trading concern. It is necessary to understand all the element of operating cycle and cash cycle as it helps to analyse the requirements of the company and manage the working capital as per the requirements. There are various ratios and data which help us to analyse the efficiency of management of working capital. Some of them are- Working capital ratio- The ratio of current asset to current liabilities is called the working capital ratio or current ratio. Inventory turnover ratio- This is the ratio that reveals the number of times inventory is converted into cash in a given time period. (Venanci, 2012). Accounting is very important for all kind of enterprises either it is a private enterprise or a government enterprise. Even if the government does not carry on business for profits it has to prepare proper and reliable financial statements for reasonably informed users. It should reveal all the relevant information such as the financial position, profitability and liquidity of an enterprise (Robinson Last, 2009). There are certain purposes of the costing system. They are- i) Budgets are established with the help of proper costing system. The costing system ensures those proper budgets are established. ii) Cost control and motivation and measuring efficiencies. Efficiency enhancement is by dint of proper costing system. iii) Cost reduction can be attained with the help of costing system as changes are noted at the earliest and eliminated. iv) Cost reports are prepared in order to simplify the process and operations are refined. v) The assigning cost to the different level of inventories such as material, work in process and finished goods inventories. Therefore, costs are allocated with proper ease and hence, a great result is obtained (Larry Christopher, 2012). 3. Calculation Manufacturing overhead allocation rate for wonder product Manufacturing overheads for the year 598,080 Total machine hours for the year 7,000 =Manufacturing overhead / total machine hours =598080/7000 =85.44 per machine hour Calculation Administrative overhead allocation rate for wonder product Administrative overheads for the year 695,520 Direct labour hours for the year 14,000 =Administrative overhead / direct labour hours =695520/14000 =49.68 per labour hours Direct material= $19000 Manufacturing overhead= 85.44*400 =$34176 Administrative overhead=49.68*750=$37260 Total cost =(19000+34176+37260) =$90436 Profit = 40% * 90436=36174 Total sales value =$(90436+36174) =$126610 The allocation of overhead expenses is a crucial part when quoting on jobs and when generally deciding prices because of the following reasons- i) It makes taking decisions easier by providing relevant information- Setting prices for a product is one example that must be made by management. The management has a great say in deciding the prices of the product. This is a very crucial part to be played because to receive more than what we have spent requires great efforts and so setting up of prices keeping in view all the expenses is very essential. It is necessary to include direct cost but it is equally important to include the overhead also.(Horngren Foster, 2008). ii) Promote efficient use of resources- A product is emerged after passing through various stages of production and such production process involves many activities. These activities include setting up of machineries, finalising the finished products and rectifying the defects found therein. The managers need to be efficient in all their works so that they can promote efficient use of resources.(Charles, 2012). There are many problems encountered with the allocation of overheads which need to be rectified. The allocation of overhead depicts the understatement of the profits earned by business beyond the budgeted volume. Overhead allocation is distributed to all products irrespective of volume. When sales exceed the budgeted expectations, the accounting department will not discontinue to charge these allocations to the individual product even if the company has already generated enough business to cover the actual corporate overhead (Charles, 2012). Predetermined rate is the rate which is calculated before the period commences. The major use of this rate is to apply the manufacturing overhead to the work in progress. It also reveals the manufacturing cost of the product. The computation of this predetermined rate is done by dividing budgeted overhead by cost driver. It is a very important part and role which every manufacturing concern has to perform. It maintains the balance between the expenses and sales volume. Manufacturing cost or the cost of work in progress is calculated by using the predetermined rate and not by using the actual overhead rate. It helps us to achieve our goal of recovering more than what is spent. It helps us to ascertain the total cost of the job specified. References Charles, T.S 2012, Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis, Pearson Education Horngren, C T Foster, G 2008, Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis: United States Edition Lanen, W. N., Anderson, S Maher, M. W 2008, Fundamentals of cost accounting, NY: Hang Loose press. Needles, S. C 2011, Managerial Accounting, Nason , USA: South Western Cengage Learning . Needles, B. E. Powers, M 2013, Principles of Financial Accounting. New York Press Robinson, M., Last, D 2009, Budgetary Control Model: The Process of Translation. Accounting, Organization and Society, NY Press Shim, J. K Siegel, J G 2009, Modern Cost Management and Analysis, Barron's Education Series Spiceland, J., Thomas, W. and Herrmann, D 2011, Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin University Press Vanderbeck, E J 2013, Principles of Cost Accounting, Oxford university press Venanci, D 2012, Financial Performance Measures and Value Creation , State of art . New York: Springer. Larry M. W Christopher J. S2012, Managerial and Cost Accounting, Pearson Press

Private Construction of Government Sponsored Projects

Outline The aim of the research is to investigate factors that would enhance construction project’s success sponsored by the government in Dubai. The researcher developed three objectives for this study as follows.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Private Construction of Government Sponsored Projects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To review the initiation of government sponsored mega construction projects in order to understand the processes involved and how they influence success of the project. To determine the level of government involvement in construction projects in various stages of project life cycle. To identify specific challenges faced by Mega construction projects in Dubai within the past decade. The previous chapter focused on the review of literatures in order to determine what scholars say about private construction of government projects. In this chapter, the focus will be on meth ods of data collection used in this study, its analysis and the presentation procedures. The focus of this chapter will be to define methods that will be used to investigate factors that would enhance success in private construction of government-sponsored projects based on the information collected from primary sources. The first section of this chapter focuses on research philosophy used in this study. It then proceeds to analyze the research design and its justification. This section explains why the researcher chose a given research design. The third section deals with the questionnaire design. Questionnaire was the main tool used in the process of collecting data. The next section deals with the interviews used in the study to gather relevant data from the participants. The chapter then analyses sampling strategies used in the study, and data collection techniques. The next section of this chapter is a framework for analysing data before concluding it with a summary. The resear cher seeks to define an appropriate method that will be used to collect and analyse data from primary sources in order to validate findings from secondary sources as discussed in chapter two of this paper. Research Philosophy Research philosophy plays an important role in research because it defines the approach taken in the development of knowledge in the study. In quantitative research, deductive reasoning, also known as top down method, will be used. The figure below shows the systematic reasoning based on deductive methods.Advertising Looking for dissertation on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 1: Steps in Deductive Reasoning As shown in the diagram above, this process starts with developing a theory that underpins the research topic. The next step is to develop hypotheses to be used in testing the theories. The following are the two hypotheses developed in the previous chapters. H1o. Success of mega go vernment projects is not affected by issues such as bribery and favouritism. H2o. Engaging private players in mega government project through subcontracting is not a key driver of success. The third step is the observation process where data is collected from the field. The researcher will base the observation on government-sponsored projects that are currently undertaken by private contractors. The observation also involves a detailed collection of primary data. The final step is the conformation of the set hypotheses (Schwartz-Shea and Yanow 2006, p. 76). Through analysis of the primary data, it will be possible to confirm or reject the hypotheses set in the previous chapters. The researcher will use this deductive strategy in the study.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Private Construction of Government Sponsored Projects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Research Design and Justification The nature of t his research makes it necessary to use quantitative data analysis methods. The reason for choosing quantitative result is the desire to confirm the research hypotheses through empirical study. The researcher intends to use mathematical tools in order to analyze the data collected from the field. Structured questions can easily be assigned numerical values, making it possible to compute and analyze them mathematically. Quantitative methods will help the researcher to determine the level of acceptance of each of the set hypotheses. According to Reis and Judd (2000, p. 34), structured questions are always important when the researcher is interested in capturing specific issues that can be codified for mathematical analysis. The interviews will be very important in the study because they will allow the researcher to capture the facial expressions of the respondents, which may offer further explanations to some of the questions posed to the respondents. Questionnaire Design It is vital t o define the questionnaire design used in this research. In order to collect the primary data, the researcher used questionnaires, which we delivered to the participants directly. The questionnaire was divided into different sections focusing on different issues of interest in this study. The questions delved into specific issues concerning the private construction of government-sponsored projects in the country, and some of the challenges encountered during the formulation or implementation stages. This research used quantitative methods, and for this reason, the questions used in this research were structured in order to enhance mathematical analysis. The researcher considered it necessary to employ structured questions to capture different aspects of issues under investigation.Advertising Looking for dissertation on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The open-ended questions would be good because they give the respondents enough time to think about their response, a fact that makes them feel comfortable when responding to the questions set in the study. This would allow the researcher to understand the position of respondents and the reason why they gave specific responses. These questions also minimise errors that could have occurred in the course of the research when the researcher has to guess why the respondent has given a specific response. However, the fact that they are not supported by mathematical analysis makes them undesirable for this study. That is why they were avoided. The structured questions are easy to administer and it is time consuming. According to McConville and Chui (2007, p. 87), respondents are always comfortable with short clear questions which takes a short time to administer. This approach eliminates the possibility that they may ignore some of the questions. Each response in the closed ended question s is given a statistical value for easy statistical interpretation. According to Rugg and Petre (2007, p. 23), closed-ended questions are compatible with computer package. This approach is more specific, which means that its answers are very consistent. Achieving this consistency may not be possible when using unstructured questions. Finally, the closed-ended questions took lesser time to administer as compared to the open-ended questions, a fact that was important given the limited time that was available for the study. The questionnaire was hand-delivered and administered by the researcher in the form of face-to-face interviews. The researcher recorded the responses from the participants personally. This decision was based on the amount of time available for the study. This method may be time consuming, but it is effective. Besides, the method allowed the respondents to reflect on the set questions and answer them with accuracy. The method is not easily affected by the level of re spondent’s literacy skills (Neergaard Ulhà ¸i 2007, p. 78). The use of questionnaires enabled the researcher to capture the relevant issues that are unique to the private construction of government-sponsored projects within Dubai. This was important because there was limited literature with the desired degree of relevance to the subject matter of private public partnership in managing projects in this country. As the participants responded to the questions, the researcher was keen to capture any facial expressions that would give further clues to the responses beyond what the respondents were stating in words. The availability of the participants heavily influenced the choice of this approach because most of the respondents were full time employees in the governmental departments and other private institutions, and for this reason, it is not easy to find all of them in one place at a given time. After data collection, it went through a detailed analysis, which culminated in to the discussion and conclusions as discussed in chapters four and five of this report. Interviews In order to collect the primary data from the field, the researcher organized interviews with the government officials in the relevant departments and private players who have been engaged in the construction of government-sponsored projects. Before starting the interview, the researcher took an opportunity to explain to the participants the relevance of the study and the non-disclosure policy. The researcher assured the participants that this study was specifically meant for academic purposes, and that the identity of the participants shall not be revealed. The face-to-face interview was a good strategy of collecting the information from the participants. It also allowed the researcher to capture the body language of the respondents. The researcher filled the questionnaires as the respondents answered the questions posed to them. The structured questions required the participants to choose a specific answer from a series of choices presented to them based on their knowledge or personal experiences. The questionnaire used in the study is presented in the appendix. Sampling According to Jacobsen (2012, p. 74), a number of factors should be put into consideration when choosing the right method of sampling in any given study. In this research, the aim was to interview the individuals who are directly involved in the private construction of government-sponsored projects in Dubai, especially those who have been in the industry for the past one decade. Based on the required sample size, arrangements of meetings and the availability of the target population, the study interviewed clients, consultants and contractors. In total, the researcher chose 90 people to participate in this study. The research focused on individuals that have the knowledge and strong opinions of this particular market, especially those who are directly involved in private construction of governme nt-sponsored projects. This relatively large sample size was chosen because it would provide a wide range of views, which increases the reliability and credibility of the study. The researcher felt that the more the interviews, the better the results. However, the timeframe of conducting this research was a limit to the amount of interviews that could be carried out. In order to capture the participants from the identified groups above, simple random sampling approach was used in each group. However, the researcher was keen to ensure that participants from these three categories were properly captured in this study. This was important in ensuring that each issue under investigation was responded to from all the possible perspectives. The researcher made an effort to ensure that personal biases do not affect the process of choosing the participants. That is why simple random sampling was considered appropriate in selecting the participants for this study. Data Collection In this stud y, defining the scope of data collection was important in order to guide its usage. According to Groat, and Groat (2013, p. 56), sometimes one may misuse a given report by applying it in an irrelevant context, making it difficult to achieve the desired results. For this reason, it was considered necessary to define the context under which the primary and secondary sources of data were collected. The researcher used the secondary sources of data to define the theoretical perspective of this research. It is important to understand the fact that the information given by the secondary sources captured the topic under varying environmental factors and countries. The primary source of data was obtained from the employees of the relevant government departments, educationists, and private sector players who are involved, in one way or the other, in the private construction of government-sponsored projects. The researcher asked the participants about a number of issues relating to these proj ects within the country. The researcher explained to all the participants what this research is all about and why it was important to the researcher. Although the secondary data was collected from literatures that focused on various countries, the process of collecting the primary data was restricted to Dubai because of the nature of the research. This means that it would not be appropriate to apply the information from the primary data on a global context. Framework for Data Analysis Data analysis refers to the process of transforming raw data into refined useful information that can be of use to people. Willis (2008, p. 86) advises that before settling on a method of data analysis, it is important to determine the approach to be taken by the research. The research can take quantitative, qualitative, or categorical approach. This research emphasized on quantitative approach, although qualitative methods helped in explaining some of the statistical findings. Depending on the type an d accuracy needed, data analysis can take a simple descriptive form, or a more complex statistical inferencing (Bowling Ebrahim 2005, p. 52). The technique used in the analysis can be univariate, bivariate or multivariate analysis. In selecting the appropriate method, a researcher should ensure that assumptions relating to the method are satisfactory. In analyzing the collected data, the researcher will use appropriate statistical data analysis tools such as descriptive and inferential statistics in analyzing the quantitative data. In relation to the quantitative analysis, Maxfield and Babbie (2012, p. 43) argued that the most commonly used sets of statistics include mean, frequencies, standard deviation, median and percentages. The researcher will code and enter the quantitative data into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 20). Using the spreadsheet, the researcher will be able to derive various statistical values needed for this study. The researcher will also use descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, percentage, and frequencies to describe various issues about this topic. The findings of the study will be presented in charts, graphs, and tables to enhance clarity. Since the research may entail comparison of the performance of some projects that were conducted in the recent past, there will be the need to employ correlation analysis to enhance clarity. Therefore, chi-square tests will be used to test the hypotheses. Inferential statistics like chi-square tests help to test whether the observed relationships between the variables are genuine or due to chance. The statistical significance level used in the research is 0.05 indicating whether the observed association occurred by chance in 5 out of 100 results. Chi-square is the most widely used measure of association in social science research, being suitable for use on nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio data. This will be important in accepting or rejecting the two hypo theses that were set in the previous chapters (Barton 2006, p. 45). Summary of Methodology This section addresses the research methodology used in this study. It is clear from the above discussion that although this research will be based on quantitative methods, the researcher will also use some elements of qualitative study to explain some of the statistical findings. It means that the questionnaire will have structured questions. In defining the research philosophy, it is clear that the study will use deductive methods. It means that the researcher will develop hypotheses and use data to confirm it through analysis. The researcher used questionnaires to conduct face-to-face interviews. The respondents were sampled from government agencies, the private sector, and educational institutions. Simple random sampling was used to get the right sample size. Primary data collection was restricted to the city of Dubai. The use of mathematical methods enhanced the quality of this research. List of References Barton, K 2006, Research methods in social studies education: Contemporary issues and perspectives, Information Age Publishers, Greenwich. Bowling, A Ebrahim, S 2005, Handbook of health research methods: Investigation measurement and analysis, Open University Press, Maidenhead. Groat, L, Wang, D Groat, L 2013, Architectural research methods, Cengage, New York. Jacobsen, K 2012, Introduction to health research methods: A practical guide, Jones Bartlett Learning, Sudbury. Maxfield, M Babbie, E 2012, Basics of research methods for criminal justice and criminology, Cengage Learning, Belmont. McConville, M Chui, W 2007, Research methods for law, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. Neergaard, H Ulhà ¸i, J 2007, Handbook of qualitative research methods in entrepreneurship, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Reis, H Judd, C 2000, Handbook of research methods in social psychology and personality psychology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Rugg, G Petre, M 2007, A gentle guide to research methods, McGraw-Hill Press, Maidenhead. Schwartz-Shea, P Yanow, D 2006, Interpretation and method: Empirical research methods and the interpretive turn, M.E. Sharpe, Armonk. Willis, J 2008, Qualitative Research Methods for Education and educational technology, Information age Pub, Greenwich. This dissertation on Private Construction of Government Sponsored Projects was written and submitted by user Brooke C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Schopenhauer-Metaphysics of Love and Sexes free essay sample

WantIn Schopenhauer’s view, whose will is at work when two people fall in love? What reasons does Schopenhauer give for this view? In Schopenhauer’s view it is the will of the unborn baby which is at work when two people fall in love. The baby’s will is born when two lovers meet. The real aim of love’s romance, although the persons concerned are unconscious of the fact, is that a particular being may come into the world. Romantic love is nature’s way of selected breeding.. It makes you think, that you need the person to make you happy when all it is the baby’s will to be born. Thus, when two people are in love, they think they want sex, because they connect sex to love, but it is actually the baby that makes us think so. Thus, sex is for procreation but we think we want it because it makes us happy. We will write a custom essay sample on Schopenhauer-Metaphysics of Love and Sexes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When we choose our lovers, we choose someone who compliments us, someone who has qualities that we lack. (symposium) In this case as well, it is the baby looking for the best traits. We are attracted to body parts and traits that the baby wants. Thus, it is ultimately the baby that makes us choose our partner. For example, men like women with big hips but it actually because they can carry their baby. Thus, we do everything that the baby makes us do. Even when some people don’t want kids, still have kids because it is the baby’s will to be born. For example, when a woman is pregnant she needs the father of the baby more than he needs her even though before the pregnancy he wanted her more. This is because it is the baby who wants the father to be around when it is born. The mother acts unpredictable and this confuses the father and makes him stay. But it is the baby that makes her this way. But if the father continues to love the mother even after the mood swings stop, then it means the mother is doing a good job. However, when we follow our own will we don’t need sex as we are happy without it. For example, when a couple doesn’t want a baby, it is not romantic love, it is deep attraction. Thus, the fact that sex makes us happy is only an illusion to make us procreate Love can often make us go against our own interest in order to follow the baby’s will. Men often fall in love with other men’s wives and enter the relationship in spite of knowing that it is risky. Thus, love is a mere illusion to ensure the continuity of the species.

Free Essays on Book Review Of “The Pueblo Revolt Of 1680”

Book Review of â€Å"The Pueblo Revolt of 1680† Discovering the past of North America has been an twisted and dark story of inhumanity and self indulgence. The treatment of others by the European powers has recently been uncovered as a degrading time for the Native Americans. Nobody else in the past five hundred years has faced genocide of this power; albeit, the forces of the Spanish people have created the most horrific stories of domination by one race. To say all the Spanish people were horrible is in fact a nasty thing to say; there were some people under the Spanish crown that wanted fair treatment of the natives. Andrew L. Knaut explores these sides of the Spanish crown during the seventeenth century of their claim to New Mexico. The native peoples of the New Mexican territory would struggle to maintain or gain power back from the Spanish peoples; but the Spanish would find every outlet of exploitation and force new ideas upon these Pueblo Indians. The books intention was to shine new light on the external and interna l struggles of both the Spanish and the Pueblo Indians. The following is a critical review of the facts stated in his book. This is followed up by a review of the book itself. The Native Americans of the New Mexican area before the seventeenth century would face very little outside conflict from foreigners, but by the early 1600’s their freedom would radical change. The Pueblo Indians is a culmination of five major groups: Piro, Hopi, Zuni, Tano, and the Keresan. These groups of people faced challenges everyday living in the conditions that they inhabited, but when the outside force of the Spanish got involved all hell broke lose. The natives faced many power struggles as a nation, both internal and external factors played roles in their every day live style. Disease, famine, and Catholicism all were factors in destroying the Pueblo nation of the southwest. When the Spanish explor... Free Essays on Book Review Of â€Å"The Pueblo Revolt Of 1680† Free Essays on Book Review Of â€Å"The Pueblo Revolt Of 1680† Book Review of â€Å"The Pueblo Revolt of 1680† Discovering the past of North America has been an twisted and dark story of inhumanity and self indulgence. The treatment of others by the European powers has recently been uncovered as a degrading time for the Native Americans. Nobody else in the past five hundred years has faced genocide of this power; albeit, the forces of the Spanish people have created the most horrific stories of domination by one race. To say all the Spanish people were horrible is in fact a nasty thing to say; there were some people under the Spanish crown that wanted fair treatment of the natives. Andrew L. Knaut explores these sides of the Spanish crown during the seventeenth century of their claim to New Mexico. The native peoples of the New Mexican territory would struggle to maintain or gain power back from the Spanish peoples; but the Spanish would find every outlet of exploitation and force new ideas upon these Pueblo Indians. The books intention was to shine new light on the external and interna l struggles of both the Spanish and the Pueblo Indians. The following is a critical review of the facts stated in his book. This is followed up by a review of the book itself. The Native Americans of the New Mexican area before the seventeenth century would face very little outside conflict from foreigners, but by the early 1600’s their freedom would radical change. The Pueblo Indians is a culmination of five major groups: Piro, Hopi, Zuni, Tano, and the Keresan. These groups of people faced challenges everyday living in the conditions that they inhabited, but when the outside force of the Spanish got involved all hell broke lose. The natives faced many power struggles as a nation, both internal and external factors played roles in their every day live style. Disease, famine, and Catholicism all were factors in destroying the Pueblo nation of the southwest. When the Spanish explor...

Developments in the 19th Century that Drove the Shifts in Imperial Research Paper

Developments in the 19th Century that Drove the Shifts in Imperial Policies and Practices of European Empires during New Imperia - Research Paper Example Amongst others, these shifts included the moving away from the economic doctrine of mercantilism that focused on the expansion of trade and markets through strategic control of ports towards the establishment of large scale, formal empires by way of aggressive internal penetration of territory and the exercising of control over the geography and population in those territories. We need only a glimpse at a few statistics to see that these shifts had remarkable consequences. According to Daniel R. Headrick- professor of social sciences at Roosevelt University and author of The Tools of Empire- â€Å"in the year 1800 Europeans occupied or controlled thirty-five percent of the land surface of the world; by 1878 this figure had risen to sixty-seven percent, and by 1914 over eighty-four percent of the world’s land area was European-dominated. ‘The British Empire alone,† Headrick continues, â€Å"already formidable in 1800†¦ increased it’s land area sevenfol d and its population twentyfold in the following hundred years†.1 However, these shifts were not simply coincidental. In fact, the changes in the imperial policies of the Europeans during the era of â€Å"New Imperialism† were driven by two major nineteenth century developments: the second industrial revolution, and the emergence of a pack of European nation states. Main Body Imperialism, as defined by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is â€Å"the policy, practice, or advocacy of extending the power and dominion of a nation†¦ over the political or economic life of other areas†2 To put this in simple terms, imperialism is the acquisition and buildup of territory and capital. However, the Merriam-Webster definition does not quite pin the proverbial tail on the donkey, for it lacks one key component of imperialism: what is the justification for this said extension of power? According to Edward Said- former professor of English and comparative literature at Colum bia University and author of Culture and Imperialism- the acts â€Å"of accumulation and acquisition†¦ are supported and perhaps even impelled by impressive ideological formations that include notions that certain territories and people require and beseech domination, as well as forms of knowledge associated with domination†.3 Thus, the working definition for Imperialism from here on out is the combination of two previous definitions, which goes as follows: the policy, practice, or advocacy of extending the power and dominion of a nation†¦ over the political or economic life others, which is supported and perhaps even impelled by impressive ideological formations that include notions that certain territories and people require and beseech domination, as well as forms of knowledge associated with domination.   New imperialism cannot be said to be only the policies of the elite because it was greatly supported by the lower classes in Europe. The main aspect of the c ulture of imperialism was the feeling of superiority amongst white Europeans. Many people had such perceptions because of being bound by Christianity and they believed that there was nothing wrong in forcibly Christianizing the conquered societies, which they believed was the main motive of imperial missions. Some viewed imperialistic aspirations from a secular perspective, while some followed Darwinian concepts in upholding their

Introduction to Business and Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Introduction to Business and Finance - Essay Example Accounting scandals is becoming a norm with a number of recent accounting scandals that come into sight each year. These accounting scandals has shaken the economy and costed the stakeholders a great deal. In the last couple of years a few most talked about scandals were Enron, WorldCom, Barings, Parmalat and Hollinger, where billions of dollars accounting fraud happened. Not only did the corporations and accounting firms came into question but also the performance of stock exchanges, rating agencies, financial journalists, bankers and lawyers was questioned (Richard Dyson). These scandals have resulted in firms closing, thousands of people being jobless and many losing money in stocks, apart from the stock exchange crash. Public trust in the accounting and reporting procedures has been shattered. People are especially reluctant to invest their money in stocks, which results in stock exchange fall. Corporate Goverance is responsible to manage certain laws in the corporation and if not done effectively can result in loss for the firm. Corporate Governace in the firms is highly blamed when talking about the financial scandals. As cases of scandals, bankruptcy, accounting frauds are unfolding, the concern over the transparency of the financial reports is increasing. "All these companies used financial gimmicks to inflate their cash flow and profits in order to jack up their share prices and thus accumulate wealth. The investors are confronted with large, well-known companies, disappearing almost overnight. In the process not only small investors but supposedly smart, sophisticated investors have been fooled as well" (B. S. Rao). Many CEOs, CFOs and other related officers have been acquitted or are under trial as a result. One example of this is the recent indictment of Jeffrey Skilling, who was given lifetime prison and has to pay $80 million in fines (CNNMoney). Not only this th e stocks of these firms have gone to decline and now no more exists. The outcome of the other scandals is not different as well. The government after all this chaos has been active in taking some steps to stop these practices. In this regard the Securities and Exchange Comission is responsible for ensuring the transparency in the company. Steps are taken to guarantee proper monitoring of management and all the included pesonnel. Accounting Profession Although most of the accounting firms claim that their duty was only to review the finances, but the indictment of Arthur Anderson has led a question to the credibility of these firms. In this regard the the watchdog role of the auditors comes into question. The firms are now accused of overcharging in order to make the report much more attractive in order to gain profits and rise the stock prices. A report says that the "US government loses over $300 billion each year due to organized tax avoidance" prepared by the accountancy firms (Prem Sikka). There were days when the transparency of the markets highly depended on the accounting firms. Today people and investors have grown suspicious towards their perforamance. Here a question of how to regain the lost pride lies ahead of them. Other Factors Apart from blaming the corporations and the accountants for these scandals, certain other factors are to be blamed as well. These ould be the financial jouranalists, the lawyers

Fundamentals of Geography Essay Example for Free

Fundamentals of Geography Essay In geology, a rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids. For example, the common rock, granite, is a combination of the quartz, feldspar and biotite minerals. The Earths outer solid layer, the lithosphere, is made of rock. Rocks have been used by mankind throughout history. From the Stone Age rocks have been used for tools. The minerals and metals we find in rocks have been essential to human civilization. [1] Three major groups of rocks are defined: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The scientific study of rocks is called petrology, which is an essential component of geology. At a granular level, rocks are composed of grains of minerals, which, in turn, are homogeneous solids formed from a chemical compound that is arranged in an orderly manner. The aggregate minerals forming the rock are held together by chemical bonds. The types and abundance of minerals in a rock are determined by the manner in which the rock was formed. Many rocks contain silica (SiO2); a compound of silicon and oxygen that forms 74. 3% of the Earths crust. This material forms crystals with other compounds in the rock. The proportion of silica in rocks and minerals is a major factor in determining their name and properties. [2] Rocks are geologically classified according to characteristics such as mineral and chemical composition, permeability, the texture of the constituent particles, and particle size. These physical properties are the end result of the processes that formed the rocks. [3] Over the course of time, rocks can transform from one type into another, as described by the geological model called the rock cycle. These events produce three general classes of rock:igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The three classes of rocks are subdivided into many groups. However, there are no hard and fast boundaries between allied rocks. By increase or decrease in the proportions of their constituent minerals they pass by every gradation into one another, the distinctive structures also of one kind of rock may often be traced gradually merging into those of another. Hence the definitions adopted in establishing rock nomenclature merely correspond to more or less arbitrary selected points in a continuously graduated series. 4] Igneous Igneous rock (derived from the Latin word igneus meaning of fire, from ignis meaning fire) forms through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. This magma can be derived from partial melts of pre-existing rocks in either a planets mantle or crust. Typically, the melting of rocks is caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a change in composition. Igneous rocks are divided into two main categories: plutonic rock and volcanic. Plutonic or intrusive rocks result when magma cools and crystallizesslowly within the Earths crust. A common example of this type is granite. Volcanic or extrusive rocks result from magma reaching the surface either aslava or fragmental ejecta, forming minerals such as pumice or basalt. [3] The chemical abundance and the rate of cooling of magma typically forms a sequence known as Bowens reaction series, after the Canadian petrologist Norman L. Bowen. Most major igneous rocks are found along this scale. [2] About 64. 7% of the Earths crust by volume consists of igneous rocks; making it the most plentiful category. Of these, 66% are basalts and gabbros, 16% are granite, and 17% granodiorites and diorites. Only 0. 6% are syenites and 0. 3% peridotites and dunites. The oceanic crust is 99% basalt, which is an igneous rock of mafic composition. Granites and similar rocks, known as meta-granitoids, form much of the continental crust. [5] Over 700 types of igneous rocks have been described, most of them having formed beneath the surface of Earths crust. These have diverse properties, depending on their composition and how they were formed. Sedimentary Sedimentary rocks are formed by sedimentation of particles at or near the Earths surface and within bodies of water. This process causes clasticsediments or organic particles (detritus) to settle and accumulate, or for minerals to chemically precipitate (evaporite) from a solution. The particulate matter then undergoes compaction and cementation during diagenesis. Before being deposited, sediment was formed by weathering and erosion in a source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by water,wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers which are called agents of denudation. Mud rocks comprise 65% (mudstone, shale and siltstone); sandstones 20 to 25% and carbonate rocks 10 o 15% (limestone and dolostone). [3] About 7. 9% of the crust by volume is composed of sedimentary rocks, with 82% of those being shales, while the remainder consist of limestone (6%), sandstone and arkoses (12%). [5] Metamorphic Metamorphic rocks are formed by subjecting any rock type—sedimentary rock, igneous rock or another older metamorphic rock—to differenttemperature and pressure conditions than those in which the original rock was formed. This process is called metamorphism; meaning to change in form. The result is a profound change in physical properties and chemistry of the stone. The original rock, known as the protolith, transforms into other mineral types or else into other forms of the same minerals, such as by recrystallization. [3] The temperatures and pressures required for this process are always higher than those found at the Earths surface: temperatures greater than 150 to 200  °C and pressures of 1500 bars. [6] Metamorphic rocks compose 27. 4% of the crust by volume. [5] The three major classes of metamorphic rock are based upon the formation mechanism. An intrusion of magma that heats the surrounding rock causes contact metamorphism—a temperature-dominated transformation. Pressure metamorphism occurs when sediments are buried deep under the ground; pressure is dominant and temperature plays a smaller role. This is termed burial metamorphism, and it can result in rocks such as jade. Where both heat and pressure play a role, the mechanism is termed regional metamorphism. This is typically found in mountain-building regions. [2] Depending on the structure, metamorphic rocks are divided into two general categories. Those that possess a texture are referred to as foliated; the remainder are termed non-foliated. The name of the rock is then determined based on the types of minerals present. Schists are foliated rocks that are primarily composed of lamellar minerals such as micas. A gneiss has visible bands of differing lightness, with a common example being the granite gneiss. Other varieties of foliated rock include slates, phyllites, and mylonite. Familiar examples of non-foliated metamorphic rocks include marble,soapstone, and serpentine. This branch contains quartzite—a metamorphosed form of sandstone—and hornfels. [2] In geography maps are one of the most important tools researchers, cartographers, students and others can use to examine the entire Earth or a specific part of it. Simply defined maps are pictures of the Earths surface. They can be general reference and show landforms, political boundaries, water, the locations of cities, or in the case of thematic maps, show different but very specific topics such as the average rainfall distribution for an area or the distribution of a certain disease throughout a county. Today with the increased use of GIS, also known as Geographic Information Systems, thematic maps are growing in importance. There are however applications for different types of general reference maps when the different types are understood correctly. These maps do not just show a citys location for example; instead the different map types can show a plethora of information about places around the world. The following is a list of each major map type used by geographers and a description of what they are and an example of each kind. †¢ Political Map: A political map does not show any topographic features. It instead focuses solely on the state and national boundaries of a place. They also include the locations of cities both large and small, depending on the detail of the map. A common type of political map would be one showing the 50 U.  S. states and their borders along with the United States north and south international borders (map of the United States). †¢ Physical Map: A physical map is one that shows the physical landscape features of a place. They generally show things like mountains, rivers and lakes and water is always shown with blue. Mountains and elevation changes are usually shown with different colors and shades to show relief. Normally on physical maps green shows lower elevations while browns show high elevations. An example of a physical map is one showing the state of Hawaii (map of Hawaii). Low elevation coastal regions are shown in dark green, while the higher elevations transition from orange to dark brown. Rivers are shown in blue. †¢ Topographic Map: A topographic map is similar to a physical map in that it shows different physical landscape features. They are different however because they use contour lines instead of colors to show changes in the landscape. Contour lines on topographic maps are normally spaced at regular intervals to show elevation changes (e. g. each line represents a 100 foot (30 m) elevation change) and when lines are close together the terrain is steep. For example a topographic map showing the Big Island of Hawaii would have contour lines that are close together near the steep, high elevation mountains of Mauna Loa and Kilauea (map of the Big Island). By contrast, the low elevation, flat coastal areas show contour lines that are spread apart. †¢ Climate Map: A climate map shows information about the climate of an area. They can show things like the specific climatic zones of an area based on the temperature, the amount of snow an area receives or average number of cloudy days. These maps normally use colors to show different climatic areas. A climate map for Australia for example uses colors to show differences between the temperate area of Victoria and desert region in the center of the continent. †¢ Economic or Resource Map: An economic or resource map shows the specific type of economic activity or natural resources present in an area through the use of different symbols or colors depending on what is being shown on the map. For example an economic activity map for Brazil can use colors to show different agricultural products of given areas, letters for natural resources and symbols for different industries (image showing a map of Brazil). Road Map: A road map is one of the most widely used map types. These maps show major and minor highways and roads (depending on detail) as well as things like airports, city locations and points of interest like parks, campgrounds and monuments. Major highways on a road map are generally red and larger than other roads, while minor roads are a lighter color and a narrower line. A road map of San Francisco, California for example would show the major highways as a wide red line and other large roads as a lighter red with minor streets as gray (map of San Francisco). Thematic Map: A thematic map is a map that focuses on a particular theme or special topic and they are different from the six aforementioned general reference maps because they do not just show natural features like rivers, cities, political subdivisions, elevation and highways. If these items are on a thematic map, they are background information and are used as reference points to enhance the maps theme. An example of a thematic map would be one showing the population change of Cana da in specific locations from 1996 to 2001. The map shows the theme it is attempting to get across to its audience and uses a political map (e. g. one showing the provincial and territorial borders of Canada) to give it more of a reference. What Is the Difference Between Weather and Climate? It’s a sweltering midsummer day. â€Å"It must be global warming,† mutters someone. But is it the Earth’s changing climate that has made the day so warm? Or, is it just the weather that is so unbearable? Weather is the mix of events that happen each day in our atmosphere including temperature, rainfall and humidity. Weather is not the same everywhere. Perhaps it is hot, dry and sunny today where you live, but in other parts of the world it is cloudy, raining or even snowing. Everyday, weather events are recorded and predicted by meteorologists worldwide. Climate in your place on the globe controls the weather where you live. Climate is the average weather pattern in a place over many years. So, the climate of Antarctica is quite different than the climate of a tropical island. Hot summer days are quite typical of climates in many regions of the world, even without the effects of global warming. Climates are changing because our Earth is warming, according to the research of scientists. Does this contribute to a warm summer day? It may, however global climate change is actually much more complicated than that because a change in the temperature can cause changes in other weather elements such as clouds or precipitation. Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air, and the means (together with the smaller ocean circulation) by whichthermal energy is distributed on the surface of the Earth. The large-scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic climatological structure remains fairly constant. Individual weather systems – mid-latitude depressions, or tropical convective cells – occur randomly, and it is accepted that weather cannot be predicted beyond a fairly short limit: perhaps a month in theory, or (currently) about ten days in practice (see Chaos theory and Butterfly effect). Nonetheless, as the climate is the average of these systems and patterns – where and when they tend to occur again and again – it is stable over longer periods of time. As a rule, the cells of Earths atmosphere shift polewards in warmer climates (e. g. nterglacials compared to glacials), but remain largely constant even due to continental drift; they are, fundamentally, a property of the Earths size, rotation rate, heating and atmospheric depth, all of which change little. Tectonic uplift can significantly alter major elements of it, however – for example the jet stream -, and plate tectonics shift ocean currents. In the extremely hot climates of the Mesozoic, i ndications of a third desert belt at the Equator has been found; it was perhaps caused by convection. But even then, the overall latitudinal pattern of Earths climate was not much different from the one today. The wind belts girdling the planet are organised into three cells: the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell, and the Polar cell. Contrary to the impression given in the simplified diagram, the vast bulk of the vertical motion occurs in the Hadley cell; the explanations of the other two cells are complex. Note that there is one discrete Hadley cell that may split, shift and merge in a complicated process over time[citation needed]. Low and high pressures on earths surface are balanced by opposite relative pressures in the upper troposphere.

The Basics Of Fascism And Its Attraction Politics Essay

The Basics Of Fascism And Its Attraction Politics Essay This essay examines the basic ideas of fascism and answeres the question why it attracted so many people. Fascism is an anti-liberal and anti-democratic ideology, which emerged in 1920. I will argue that the basic ideas of fascism are anti-rationalism, social Darwinism, elitism, socialism, ultranationalism, totalitarism, modernisation, racialism and corporatism. Fascist ideology believes in the supremacy of the nation over the individual and glorifies the state. I argue that fascism attracted many people because for many reasons. The first is the difficult period of the economic crisis and unemployment. People wanted that their lives to be improved and supported the Fascist party, which promised it. The second reason was that states on the 1920s and 1930s did not have stable governments. So, people disliked democracy, which did not bring economic stability. The third reason was peoples fear about social revolution as in Russia. People supported an ideology which was different from So viet socialism, which they feared so much. The fourth reason was nationalism. After the First World War in Germany nationalism was frustrated. So, fascism was accepted within the basic idea of nationalism. The fifth reason is the successful fascist propaganda and brainwashing of people. Basis of argument My basic argument is based upon three different views of fascist ideology and its basic ideas. Harun has a very critical view of fascism. He claims that fascism is based upon Darwinist theory and the basic ideas came from Darwinism. He blamed Darwinist theory, which was responsible for violence and bloodshed (Harun, 2002: 10). He used citation from Koran. Harun wrote his book Fascism the bloody ideology of Darwinism so that all people did not forget about morality and would never support this ideology. I think Harun is very critical of Fascism because it rejected all religions and the existence of God. I argue that we can find some positive moments in this ideology, such as modernization and nationalism, which could bring national identity, self-determination and patriotism. Gregor has a different opinion about fascism. He claimed that Fascist totalitarianism has its roots in Marxist theory (Gregor, 2009: 12). He believes that fascism is a variant of Marxism. Fascism developed becaus e of the uncertainty of classical Marxism. He argues that the basic ideas of fascism as elitism, nationalism and developmentalism appeared before the Italian war in 1911. These concepts engaged the Austro-Marxists attention and this helps us understand the attraction of fascism (Gregor, 2009:160). I could accept that Marxism and fascism has some similarities, but I argue that they have more differences than simmilarities. I do not agree with Gregor that fascism is a variant of Marxism. I think that fascism is a form of nationalism and Marxism is a form of internationalism. Internationalism leads to a mix of national societies. Nationalism leads to a belief in the superiority of the nation and the right to elimininate other nations. Heywood neither critises fascism or nor justifies it. He describes the basic ideas of fascism without emphasis on either Darwinism or Maxism. I argue that, whether, fascism was based on Darwinism or Marxism, its basic ideas are the glorification of the to talitarian, corporatist state, the belief in supremacy of nation over the individual, elitism, ultranationalism anti-rationalism. Fascist ideology The term Fascism came from the Italian word fasces, which means a bundle of rods with an axe-blade. By the 1890s, the word fascia refered to a political group, usually of revolutionary socialists. From the early 20th Century, under Mussolini, this term had a clear ideological meaning. It emerged in 1920 against modernity, against the principles of the Enlightenment and wanted a new political world, destroying the inheritance of old political thought. The ideas of fascism come from the 19th Century, and were shaped by the First World War, revolutions and wars. Fascism emerged most successfully in Germany and Italy. The leader of a Fascist Party was Benito Mussolini. It was formed in 1919. By 1926 a fascist state was established. In 1919 The National Socialist German Workers Party was formed under Adolf Gitler, adopting the style of Mussolinis Fascism. By 1933 Germany had a Nazi dictatorship (Heywood, 2003: 214-215). Some people believed that Fascism was interwar phenomenon. However, other argued that it is an ever-present danger, the fear of freedom (Heywood, 2003: 216). Fascism is an ideology which difficult to analyse. Firstly, because fascism does not have a rational core. Hitler described fascism as a world view rather than an ideology. The fascism emphasis upon action not ideas. Heywood claimed that it is almost religious set of concepts which demand faith and order. It could be also describes as political movement or even political religion. Secondly, there is no exact answer about fascism. Where does fascism begin and end? In which countries were fascist movements? Doubt, Francos Spain, Hitlers Germany, Vichy France, and Perons Argentina can be called as fascist. There are a lot of opinions and theories about the core of fascism. Noltes theory that fascists core is a resistance to transcendence. Gregor argued that it should create the total charismatic community. Griffins belief that it established palingenetic ultranationalism. We can see that these different Formulas have highlights for features of fascism and no one separately can characterise the shapeless ideology of fascism (Heywood, 2003: 217). However, I tried to allocate the basic ideas of fascism, dividing fascist ideology on the most significant of these: anti-rationalism, social Darwinism, elitism, borrowed issues from socialism, ultranationalism, and the glorification of the state. Basic ideas of fascism Anti-rationalism Fascist movements have arisen from the First Worl War upheavals. The most significant ideas were anti-rationalism and extreme counter-Enlightenment concepts. Anti-rationalism influenced fascism in three ways. Firstly, it gave anti-intellectualism: the principle is to execrate thinking and revere action. For example, Mussolinis slogans were Acton not Talk, Inactivity is Death. Intellectual life was despised. Fascism based on the emotions and the instincts. The major leaders of fascist ideology, Hitler and Mussolini, were interested in ideas because they wanted that their power had the emotional response and provocated society into action. Fascism practised the politics of the will. Secondly, because of rejecting the Enlightenment fascism has a negative character. It is clearer about what they oppose, rather than support. Fascism is anti-rational, anti-capitalist, anti-conservative, anti-communist, anti-liberal, etc. Thirdly, fascism abandoned the universalism, so placed its faith in culture, organic community and history. Fascists believe that the national community is indivisible and the strength of the nation is a cultural unity. Nazi slogan Strength through Unity confirms that (Heywood, 2003: 217-220). Darwinism The second concept of fascism has the theory of Darwinism. In the 19th century Darwin ideas had effect upon political thought. Belief that the life is based on struggle was very attractive. However, fascists regarded struggle as natural condition of life. Fascists believed that competition and conflict promote human progress and reward hard-working people and punish the weak. Hitler told Victory is to the strong and the weak must go to the wall. Human existense is struggle, where the test is war. Hitler claimed that war is an unalterable law of the whole of life. Fascism opposes kidness, compation, caring and all positive moral characteristics because it led to the weakness, which should be rejected. However, fascists respect these kinds of values as loyalty, obedience and duty. To sum up, the idea of life as an unending struggle gave to fascism expansionist character (Hetwood, 2003: 220-221). According to Harun, Darwinist theory gave the chance for fascist ideology birth. He argue that fascism oppose morality rules, which religion gave to people. Fascism replaced it by racist, cruel and bloody paganist ideology. Harun claimed that Darwin, Haeckel and Galton have support to paganism by denying existentence of God and the theory that all our life consists from the struggle (Harun, 2002: 56). A good example of it is Nazi Germany, nazists killed the sick people, handicapped, Jews and the elderly because they thought that the strong have the right to live and crush the weak. These ideas are the reason of war, shedding the blood and lead to cruelty (Harun, 2002: 54-55). Harun blaimed Darwinism for the birth of fascism and claimed that basic ideas of fascist ideology is going from Darwinism. Firstly, Darwinism provided the ideas of racism because of the theory of struggle and that some races are more superior than others. It gave the rise of racism. Secondly, Darwinism provided a reason of bloodshed. In theory, it was normal and usual that strong eliminated weak or others races. Thirdly, Darwinism provided the idea of eugenics. Fascists wanted to improve the nation, eliminating the other races. The war is the biological necessity. Harun claimed that Darwinism is a formal reason for the First World War and other cruel war-tendencies of fascism (Harun, 2002: 37-39). Elitism Fascism is elitist and patriarchal ideology, which reject equality of people. The belief is that elite rule is always desirable led to the idea of supreme leadership. Fascist leaders, Mussolini and Hitler, proclaimed themselves as the Leaders. The leader was viewed as tallanted individual and his athority was absolute. These slogans: Hitler is Germany, Germany is Hitler, Mussolini is always right confirmed that. The principle of fascist state was the leader principle, which means that all athority depends on the leader. Parliaments, elections were abolished (Heywood, 2003:223). Socialism Mussolini was a member of the Italian Socialist Party; Nazi Party shared the issues from the national socialism theory. We can say that fascism has borrowed issues from socialist ideology. Gregor believes that fascism based on Marxism and the basic ideas of fascism came from Marxism (Gregor, 2002: 160). I do not agree with Gregor, because fascists rejected materialism. Because of the desire for wealth is very far from the fascist idea of world conquest. To compare with socialism, both fascism and socialism supported collectivism. Fascist regime used socialist-style economy to control, using capitalism for its own purposes. The economic policy was very pragmatic. The revolution which fascists brought was not social. It was the psychological revolution with the aim to create a new fascist man, who is self-sacrifice with honour and motivated by duties. Fascism was anti-communism because wanted to create the stronger nation rathen than social class (Heywood, 2003: 225). Ultranationalism Fascism has the idea of chauvinistic nationalism. It believed in supremacy of nation over individual. It demands the allegation of power over the nations through war and expansionism. It has more than just patriotism and national pride; it has the militant and aggressive character (Heywood, 2003: 225). Peyne believed that the crisis of World War I, social conflict and economic problems which resulted in spiritual collapse gave a chance to nationalism to flourish (Larsen, 1980: 15). This belief linked to imperialism. If liberalists claimed that economic improves because of international trade and interdependence, fascists argued that economic improves then it based upon the capacity of the nation to control directly the resources. Conquest is used for gaining security. Economy linked with millitary power. For example, in Nazi Germany Hitler claimed that preparation for war is a political priority (Heywood, 2003: 225-226). Fascism and the State Totalitarianism The one of the fascist idea is to create a totalitatian state. It was most relevant in Italisn fascism. Fascists argued that the state is the greatest idea of human existence. The slogan Everything is for the state confirmed it. Hegel claimed that the civilization could be achieved only if the state develops. In contrast, in Germany Hitler believed that the main power is going not from the state but from the race, the German people. However, Hitler more realized totalitatian regime than Mussolini did. In Germany fascists political controlled the state over the media, culture and education more than in Italy. However, Italy practised more a traditional dictatorship. For example, in Italy monarchy survived after the fascist period and political leaders continued in power (Heywood, 2003: 227-228). Corporatism Fascism had the feature of corporatism. Mussolini claimed that corporatism is the third way between capitalism and socialism. It opposes the free market. It is for creating profits by indvidual, which led to the idea of class war. Corporatism is based on the idea that labour and business linked together. Thus, social classes can work together for national interests. Good relations between labour and business led to economic and moral progress. But, these relations should be regulated by the state. In Italy 22 corporations were created, which represented government, workers and employers. These corporations concerned industries development in Italy. In 1939 these corporations replaced the Parliament in Italy. But, corporatism was more than a mean which the Fascist states controlled the economy (Heywood, 2003: 229-230). However, corporatism in Nazi Germany never was takes seriously by Nazi theorists (OSullivan, 1983: 134). Modernization Fascists saw the state as an agent of modernization. This feature of Italian fascism influenced of futurism, movement in the art, with the factories as machinery and industry. Mussolini was interested in modernization, because wanted to break with traditions and create an industrial country (Heywood, 2003: 230). Racialism Not all fascists are necessary rasialists. For example, Italisn fascism was based on the supremacy of state over individual and in theory, no matter what the race and colour of people who lived in the state. In 1937, Mussolini legalized anti-semitic laws. But, fascism often mathes with racialism; Nazi Germany is a good example where the link between racialism and fascism was very evident. Nazists created the racial stereotype of the tall, blue-eyed blonde Aryan; however, Hitler did not fit this stereotype. Nazists could never agreed which stereotype is correct. Hitler divided people into three groups. The first is the Aryans, the best race category, which is responsible for all creativity, whether in music, politics or literature. Second, the group of people who could utilize the ideas of German people but did not have the capacity for creatvity. The thirs group is Jews, the destroyers of culture. Hitler believed that conflict between good and evil is the struggle between the Jews and the Germans. He claimed that this struggle could only end either in German world domination or Jews victory. Thus, In Nazi Germany anti-semitism existed. This ideology and belief that Aryans is the master race led to war. If the Aryans are the best race, it means that they should dominate. The Nazis claimed that Germany could never be secure if Jews existed. Nazi regime led to the death of 6 million Jewish people (Heywood, 2003: 230 -239). Why did fascism attract so many people? After the First World War, Italy was in economic and political crisis. The war brought unemployment, uncertainty and disorder. Uncertainty in the economic and political world opened the opportunity for right-wing extrimism (Heywood, 2003: 237-239). So, the first reason why fascism attracted so many people was the economic crisis, pessimistic atmosphere and unemployment. Fascism was supported by the poor and the working class because people wanted that their conditions of life to improve. For example, in Italy in 1919 Mussolini promised reforms: land for peasants, improvement of life and working conditions and a strong foreign policy. People liked the idea of a high level of employment and to become equal. The second reason is the basic ideas of fascism. People enjoyed the idea that their race was superior. People believed in this and supported the fascist party. The third reason was that Italian government failed in dealing with domestic affairs, so society wanted a different and sta ble government (Heywood, 2003: 216). The fourth reason was the peoples fear about social revolution in Russia spreading to Europe. Fascism was the extreme opposite of Soviet socialism (Gregor, 2009: 2). So, people supported an ideology which was different from Soviet socialism, of which they were afraid so much. The fifth reason was peoples dislike of constitutional government and democracy which could not deal with economic crisis. The sixth reason is that the First World War did not solve international conflicts. Germany disliked the Versailles pease settlement and wanted to have revenge. The experience of war brought frustrated nationalism. Fascism was easily accepted by Germans. The seventh reason was successful propaganda and censorship. The public was brainwashed very much, in schools, newspapers, etc. One way of brainwashing was by burning books which contained un-German ideas. Students participated in this, with the accompaniment of Nazi songs and salutes (Harun, 2002: 83). Rich people did not support very much fascist party. The eighth reason is that Mussolini was an opportunist and could easily change his party programme to please the propertied class and win. The nineth reason, according to Harun, was the lack of education in many communities. He suggests that fascism, which is based on nationalism, chauvinism and racism, could only be accepted by the uneducated. They were trapped because they saw the fascist party as a lifebelt (Harun, 2002: 69). Conclusion In this essay I analysed different opinions and views of fascisms basic ideas. I have argued that the main principles of this ideology are the glorification of the totalitarian, corporatist state, the belief in the supremacy of nation over individual, anti-rationalism, social Darwinism, elitism, socialism and ultranationalism. Fascism as ideology and ultranationalistic movement attracted many people. The first reason was the disorder and unemployment of that time. The second reason was political instability, which could not cope with economic crisis. The third reason was propaganda and the brainwashing of people, in which fascist ideology was very successful. The fourth reason was a fear of Soviet socialism, which could spread to Europe. The fifth reason was nationalism, which had been frustrated in Germany. The sixth reason was the ideas of fascism which people liked. For example, the idea that their nation was superior

Evolution of Management Thought

Corporate situation analysis 1. Overview of sales management(Group-1) Q. Assume that you are a regional sales manager of Bajaj Auto limited. And you are asked by your General a manager(Sales and Marketing) to submit your sales force strategy and tactics to achieve an increase in sales volume by 20% for the next financial year( make assumption if required) 2. ? Sales territories and sales Quota(Group-2) Q.Assume you are appointed as head of marketing of Saragam Aluminium Company, which is a new company, manufacturing and marketing aluminium extruded products, such as door, window and partition aluminium frames, heat sinks and control panels. Customers include household and business organisation. The factory is located in Hosur district of Tamil Nadu, and 38 kilometres from Bangalore. You are discussed with your CEO to initially focus sales and distribution efforts in southern regions, consisting of Karnataka, TN, AP, and Kerala. You are required to design sales territories to cover th e four southern states.Describe how do you go about your task? 3. Distribution in sales management(Group-3) Q. M/SMalhotra is a company making razorblades. They want to enter the market in Hyderabad and AP. Mr. Ramesh Kumar, their marketing manager, is one of the opinions that razor blades need selective distribution by a direct company distribution network. Discuss the merits of the suggestion and give right direction to Ramesh 4. Sales organising and staffing function Q. What kind of organisational specialisation within sales department do you recommended for each of the following companies? Group-4) a) The textile machinery manufacturing company diversifying into a consumer durable product such as auniquely designed table fan that can be used by household consumers and commercial firms initially in western India b) A SBU or business Unitof large company selling airconditioning and refrigeration products to households, cold storage and factories, commercial establishments like hot el, theatres, hospitals, and government organisation all over the nation, with wide range of products, such as room-air-conditioners, packaged-air-conditioner, Central air –conditioning plants, water –cooler, efrigerators, and cold storage plants (Group-5) Q. Some nationalised banks recruit only experienced persons or promote people from, within the organisation. Some other like ICICI banks and IDBI recruit extensively from management institute. Explain the difference in sources used by these financial organisations selling essentially the same kind of find of financial services and products 5. Sales force motivation and training(Group-6) Q. If you were an area sales manager, how would you motivate the following sales person? ) A high performing sales person, whose morale is down because he did not get an expected promotion as a marketing executive, although he has been consistently exceeding his sales target (or quotas) for the past four years. The main responsibiliti es of marketing executives are selling to a few key accounts, and coaching some sales trainees on the job b) An older sales person whose performance has been below expectation for past few years, although he had performed well in the past. He seems to have lost enthusiasm; although he has developed excellent relationship with a few key accounts from whom the company get good sales volume.

Marketing an Introduction Essay

Micro environment Marketing management their job is to build strong relationships with customers by creating customer value and satisfaction. But marketing managers cannot do this alone. Marketing success will require building relationships with other company departments, suppliers , marketing intermediaries , customers , competitors and various publics. The company Marketing managers must work closely with other company departments. Other departments have an impact on the marketing departments plans and actions. All of these functions must â€Å"think consumer†. Suppliers Suppliers form an important link in the company’s overall customer value delivery system. They provide the resources needed by the company to produce its goods and services. Supplier problems can seriously affect marketing. Rising supply costs may force price increases that can harm the company’s sales volume. Marketers build strong relationships with its suppliers. Marketing intermediaries Marketing intermediaries help the company to promote , sell and distribute its products to final buyers. Includes resellers , physical distribution firms , marketing services agencies and financial intermediaries. * Resellers : distribution channel firms that help the company find customers or make sales for them. These include wholesalers and retailers who buy and resell merchandise. * Physical distribution firms : Help the company to stock and move goods from their points of origin to their destinations. * Marketing services agencies : Marketing research firms , advertising agencies , media firms , and marketing consulting firms. * Financial intermediaries : Banks , credit companies , insurance companies and other financial institutions or insurance institutions against the risks associated with the buying and selling of goods. Today’s marketers know the importance of working with their intermediaries as partners. Competitors A company must provide greater customer value and satisfaction than its competitors do. Marketers need to do more than simply adapt to the needs of their customers. You need a strategy as a firm. Publics Public is any group that has an actual or potential interest in or impact on an organization’s ability to achieve its objectives. There are seven types of publics 1) Financial publics : This group influences the company’s ability to obtain funds 2) Media publics : This group carries news , features and editorial opinion. 3) Government publics : Management must take government developments into account. (Product safety , truth in advertising and other matters) 4) Citizen-action public : A company’s marketing decisions may be questioned by consumer organizations , environmental groups , minority groups and others. PR can help to stay in touch with consumers and citizen groups 5) Local publics : Relation with neighborhood residents and community organizations. 6) General public : The general public and their opinions and the company and their products 7) Internal publics : Workers , managers , volunteers and the board of directors. Customers Customers are the most important actors in the company’s micro environment. The main point is to serve the consumer and make them your customer. 1) Consumer market : Households and individuals 2) Business market :buy goods or services for further processing. 3) reseller markets : Buy goods or services to resell it at a profit 4) Government markets : Buy goods or services to produce publics services or transfer the goods to those who need them. 5) International markets : Buyers in other countries could be consumers , business , resellers and governments. Macro environment External factors that may be a threat to a company. There are 6 macro environmental elements: Demographic Demography is the study of human populations in terms of size , density , location , age , gender , race , occupation and other statistics. Demography has a huge impact on marketing because it involves people and people make up markets. The world ‘s large and highly diverse population poses both opportunities and challenges. Marketers have to keep a close watch on the demographic trends and developments in their markets , at home and abroad. Generations : * Baby boomers : Born between 1946-1964. One of the most powerful forces shaping the marketing environment. They have had many good years but now with a sharp decline in stock prices and home values , many baby boomers are now spending more carefully and planning to work longer. * Generation X : Born between 1965-1976. They lie in the shadow of the baby boomers. Not materialistic. First generation of parental divorce and working moms. â€Å"The MTV generation†. They are spending more carefully. Many companies are focusing one Generation X als target segment. * Millennials/Generation Y : Born between 1977-2000 This group includes several age cohorts – Tweens (9-12) – Teens (13-18) – Young adults (19-32) With a big purchase power they are an attractive market for business. This generation is fluent with the digital technology. They don’t embrace technology , it is a way of life. Generational Marketing : Do marketers have to make different products for each generation ? Defining people by their birthdate may be less effective than segmenting them by their lifestyle , life stage or the common values they seek in products they buy. The traditional household has disappeared and marketers must increasingly consider the special needs of non-traditional households , because they are now growing more rapidly than traditional households. Each group has distinctive needs and buying habits. Geographic shifts : People move all the time. Such population shifts interest marketers because people in different regions buy differently. (Migration from North to South , East to West , City to suburban areas etc) Better educated population : The rising number of well educated people will increase the demand for quality products , books , magazines, travel , personal computers and internet services. Increasing diversity : Countries vary in their ethnic and racial make up. One nation has just one culture and another nation has loads of cultures within their own culture. Marketers have to take that in account nowadays. They make products to one or more groups. But it can also be differences in your sexual orientation that marketers take in account. Another diversity segment is for adults with disabilities. Marketers take advantage of opportunities in fast growing segments. Economic Environment Consists of factors that affect consumer purchasing power and spending patterns. Marketers must pay close attention to major trends and consumer spending patterns. Nations vary greatly in their levels and distribution of income. Some countries have industrial economies , which constitute rich markets for many different kinds of goods. Subsistence economies : They consume most of their own agricultural and industrial goods. In between are developing economies which can offer outstanding marketing oppurtunities for the right kind of products. Changes in income and spending : People could spend loads of money until the economic crisis showed up. The economic meltdown has been psychologically wrenching after a quarter century of prosperity. People live back to basic and adopted their lifestyle , and their spending pattern. Marketers are now trying to give people good quality for a good and fair price. Marketers should pay attention to income distribution as well as income levels. Changing consumer spending patterns : Consumers of different income levels have different spending patterns. Engel’s law : When the income increases , the percentage spent on food declines , the percentage spent on housing remains constant and the percentage spent on most other categories and that devoted to savings increase. Natural Environment Involves the natural resources that are needed as inputs by marketers or that are affected by marketing activities. Environmental concerns have grown the last three decades. Global warming is a hot issue. Marketers should be aware of several trends in the natural environment. First involves growing shortages of raw material such as water pollution and air pollution. Second is increased pollution : The industry will amost always damage the quality of the natural environment ( Chemical and nuclear wastes) Third trend is increased government intervention in natural resource management. One government cares more than the other. Today companies are developing strategies and practices that support environmental sustainability an effort to create a world economy that the planet can support indefinitely. The consumer responds with an increasing demand for environmental responsible products. Other companies are developing recyclable or biodegradable packaging , recycled materials and components , better pollution controls , and more energy-efficient operations. Technological environment The technological environment is perhaps the most dramatic force now , shaping our destiny. Technology has created miracles with medicines , surgery , electronics and internet. But also horrors as nuclear weapons m chemical weapons and assault rifles. The technological environment changes rapidly. New technologies creates new markets and opportunities. However every new technology replaces an old one. Marketers should keep themselves up to date or soon their products will be outdated. As products and technology become more complex , the public needs to know that these are safe. Thus the government agencies investigate and ban potentially unsafe products. Political and Social Environment Marketing decisions are strong affected by developments in the political environment. It consists laws , government agencies and pressure groups that influence or limit various organizations and individuals in a given society